1. Pharmacy Profession and Pharmacopeia
1. What is Pharmacy and Pharmacy profession?
2. What is Ebers Papyrus?
3. Which Chinese text listed the basic principles of pharmaceutical drug use in the third century BC?
4. What is Charaka Samhita? Who is called the Father of Medicine?
5. What are Materia Medica and Galenicals?
6. In ancient times when the physicians could no longer cope with their work what they did do?
7. Which was the earliest recorded shop dealing with sales of medicines?
8. Who was the first hospital pharmacist in America?
9. When and by whom the word Pharmacy was used for the first time?
10. What was the ‘Apothecaries Act’ related to?
11. What is the Register of Pharmaceutical Chemists?
12. Write about the ancient history of the pharmacy profession.
13. Discuss the pre-independence history of the pharmacy profession.
14. What are the post-independence major developments of the pharmacy profession?
15. Discuss the history of the profession of pharmacy in India.
Pharmaceutics – First Year D. Pharm.
16. When and where the first pharmacist post was created and filled in India?
17. When, where and by whom the first ‘All India Pharmaceutical Conference’ was held in India?
18. Explain the development of the pharmacy profession.
19. Who is called the Father of Pharmacy in India?
20. When and where first pharmacy course was started in India?
21. What was the recommendation of Sir Joseph Bhore’s Committee on Pharmacy Education in India?
22. When and where B. Pharm, M. Pharm., and Ph. D. courses in India were started?
23. Elaborate on the history of pharmaceutical education in India.
24. What are the major outcomes of the Pharmacy Act 1940?
25. What is the difference between B. Pharm. and Pharm. D. programs?
26. Comment on the regulation of pharmacy education in India.
27. Which was the first indigenous pharmaceutical company? When, where and by whom it was started?
28. Name pharmaceutical industries started by the Indian Government in 1950.
29. What was the conclusion of Ayyangar’s report examining the legislation?
30. What is the current status of the Pharmaceutical industry at the global level?
31. Write about the history and development of pharmacy practice in India.
32. Enlist various associations constituted in the pharmacy profession.
33. Enlist and explain different career options available for pharmacy students.
34. Focus a light on career opportunities available to students after completion of the D. Pharm. program.
35. What is Pharmacopoeia? What are its objectives?
36. What is a major function of the Indian Pharmacopoeia Commission?
37. Why Drug Enquiry Committee was constituted? What is its major role?
38. What are the full forms of DTAB and CDL? What are their main functions?
39. What is the importance of Pharmacopoeia?
40. Discuss the history of Pharmacopoeia of India.
41. Name Chairmen of the first, second, and third editions of IP.?
42. List out various editions of Indian Pharmacopoeia along with its one major change.
43. List out salient features of the first edition of LP.
44. Write about salient features of a recent edition of LP.
45. Write short notes on:
(i) British Pharmacopoeia (ii) United States Pharmacopoeia (ii) National Formulary of India. (iv) The Extra Pharmacopoeia.
2. Packaging Materials
1. Define package, packaging, and pharmaceutical packaging.
2. What are the reasons for pharmaceutical product packaging?
3. Classify packaging materials with suitable examples from each class.
4. What are primary, secondary, and tertiary packages? Give examples of each.
5. List and describe components of pharmaceutical packaging.
6. What are the criteria for the selection of pharmaceutical packaging material?
7. What are the advantages of pharmaceutical packaging?
8. What is the composition of glass? How is it produced?
9. What are its ideal requirements as a packaging material?
10. What are the advantages and disadvantages of glass as a packaging material?
11. Discuss various types of glass used as a packaging material in pharmaceuticals.
12. What is general-purpose glass? What are its uses?
13. Which type of glass is used for parenteral products? Why?
14. What is colored glass? How is it manufactured?
15. What is plastic? What are its ideal properties for packaging of pharmaceuticals?
16. What are the advantages and disadvantages of plastic?
17. Enlist types of plastic materials used as packaging materials.
18. Discuss the most widely used plastic in pharmaceutical packaging.
19. What is a metal type of packaging? Give its ideal characteristics.
20. What are the advantages and disadvantages of metals?
21. Discuss various metals used in pharmaceutical packaging.
22. Describe aluminum as the metal of choice in pharmaceutical packaging.
23. What is rubber? What are its ideal properties?
24. Discuss types of rubber used in pharmaceutical packaging.
25. What are the advantages and disadvantages of rubber?
26. Discuss manufacturing of rubber closure.
27. What type of packaging components are made up of glass, metals and rubber?
3. Pharmaceutical Aids
1. What are pharmaceutical aids? What is its significance in pharmaceuticals?
2. Classify and describe pharmaceutical aids with examples.
3 What are the ideal properties of pharmaceutical aids?
4. What are organoleptic pharmaceutical aids? Classify them with examples.
5. What are coloring agents? What are its uses in pharmaceutical formulations?
6. Classify coloring agents with examples.
7. Describe various coloring agents used in pharmaceutical formulations.
8. What are flavoring agents? What are its uses in pharmaceutical formulations?
9. Classify flavoring agents with examples.
10. Describe various flavoring agents used in pharmaceutical formulations.
11. What are sweetening agents? What is its use in pharmaceutical formulations?
12. Classify sweetening agents with examples.
13. Describe various sweetening agents used in pharmaceutical formulations.
14. What are preservatives? What are its uses in pharmaceutical formulations?
15. Classify preservatives based on the mechanism of action giving suitable examples.
16. What are the ideal properties of preservatives?
17. Describe various preservatives used in pharmaceutical formulations.
4. Unit Operations
1. What is a unit operation? What is the basis of unit operations?
2. What is the significance of studying unit operations?
3. Name various unit operations used in the pharmaceutical field.
4. Define size reduction. What are its objectives?
5. Describe the principle, construction, working, and applications of the hammer mills.
6. Describe the principle, construction, working, and applications of ball mills.
7. Define size separation. What are its objectives?
8. Classify powders according to IP.
9. Describe the principle, construction, working, and applications of cyclone separators.
10. What is a sieve? Write about its construction and types.
11. List out applications of sieves.
12. Describe standards for sieves.
13. Define the terms: sieve number, nominal size, nominal diameter, and approximate percent sieve area.
14. Name international standards used for types of sieve.
15. Define mixing. What are its objectives?
16. Describe the principle, construction, working, and applications of double cone blender.
17. Describe the principle, construction, working, and applications of the turbine mixer.
18. Describe the principle, construction, working, and applications of triple roller mills.
19. Describe the principle, construction, working, and applications of the Silverson mixer.
20. Describe the principle, construction, working, and applications of the homogenizer.
21. Discuss various types of homogenizers used for pharmaceutical applications.
22. Define filtration. What are its objectives?
23. Define the terms: filter medium, slurry, filter cake, and filtrate.
24. Discuss theories of filtration.
25. What is the Kozeny-Carman equation?
26. What is Poiseuille’s law?
27. What is Darcy’s equation?
28. Describe the principle, construction, working, and applications of the membrane filter.
29. Describe the principle, construction, working, and applications of the sintered glass filter.
30. Define drying. What are its objectives?
31. Describe the principle, construction, working, and applications of the fluid bed dryer.
32. Define the terms: freeze drying, primary drying, and secondary drying.
33. Describe the principle, construction, working, and applications of the freeze dryer.
34. Define extraction. What are its objectives?
35. Discuss the general process of extraction.
36. Enlist types of extraction giving examples.
37. What is solvent extraction and leaching?
38. Defines the terms: maceration, percolation, decoction, infusion, and digestion.
39. Enlist are pharmaceutical applications of extraction
5. Pharmaceutical Formulations
– Tablets
1. Define tablet. What is its importance over other dosage forms?
2. Classify tablets. Write about its advantages and disadvantages.
3. Define the following terms giving examples of each;
(a) Compressed tablet (b) Sugar-coated tablet (c) Enteric-coated tablet (d) Fast dissolving tablets (e) Compression-coated tablet (f) Film-coated tablet (g) Gelatin-coated tablets (h) Extended-Release Tablets
4. How uncoated tablets are prepared?
5. What is granulation? What is its significance?
6. Name methods of granulation.
7. What is dry and wet granulation?
8. Discuss the direct compression method of tablet manufacturing. What are its advantages over other methods?
9. What are coated tablets? What is the importance of tablet coating?
10. What are the objectives of tablet coating?
11. Enlist types of tablet coating with suitable examples.
12. Explain the steps in the coating process.
13. Enlist and explain defects in tablet coating.
– Capsules
1. Define capsule. What is its significance over tablets?
2. Classify capsules. Write its advantages and disadvantages.
3. What is a hard gelatin capsule? Write about its composition.
4. Discuss stepwise manufacturing of hard gelatin capsule shells.
5. Write about the size of hard gelatin capsules.
6. What are the various shapes of hard gelatin capsules?
7. Discuss filling methods used in the manufacture of hard gelatin capsules.
8. Discuss the stepwise process of filling hard gelatin capsules.
9. Discuss manual hard gelatin capsule filling.
10. What is the finishing stage in hard gelatin capsule filling?
11. Enlist defects in hard gelatin capsules.
12. What is a soft gelatin capsule? What is its significance over hard gelatin capsules?
13. Describe the nature of the soft gel shell and its contents.
14. Write about the size and shapes of softgels.
15. What are base adsorption and minimum per gram factor? Why are they determined?
16. Discuss the production of softgels. Write about its finishing.
17. How hard and soft gelatin capsules are stored?
– Liquid Oral Preparation
1. What is liquid dosage form? Give examples.
2. What are the advantages and disadvantages of oral liquid preparations?
3. Define solution. Classify it giving suitable examples.
4. What are the advantages and disadvantages of oral solutions?
5. Discuss any one solution formulation with its method of preparation and use.
6. How solution dosage forms are stored?
7. Define syrup. Classify them with examples.
8. Define medicated, non-medicated, and artificial syrups.
9. What are the advantages and disadvantages of syrups?
10. Discuss any one syrup formulation with its method of preparation and use.
11. How syrups are stored?
12. Define elixir. Classify them with examples.
13. Define flavored, medicated, and dry elixirs.
14. What are the advantages and disadvantages of elixirs?
15. Discuss any one elixir formulation with its method of preparation and use.
16. How elixir dosage forms are stored?
17. Define emulsion. Classify them with examples.
18. What are the bases for the classification of emulsions?
19. What are the advantages and disadvantages of emulsions?
20. Discuss the formulation of emulsion with its method of preparation and use.
21. How emulsions are stored?
22. Define oral suspension. Classify them on the basis of therapeutic class.
23. What are flocculated and deflocculated suspensions?
24. What are the advantages and disadvantages of oral suspensions?
25. Write about any one oral suspension formulation with its method of preparation and use.
26. How oral suspensions are stored?
27. Define dry powders for reconstitution. Classify them with examples.
28. What are unit dose and multidose powders for reconstitution?
29. What are the advantages and disadvantages of dry powders for reconstitution?
30. Discuss any one dry powder formulation for reconstitution with its method of preparation and use.
31. How dry powders for reconstitution are stored?
– Topical Preparation
1. What are topical preparations? Name them.
2. Define ointments. Classify them with suitable examples.
3. What are the advantages and disadvantages of ointments?
4. Discuss the formulation of any ointment with its method of preparation and use.
5. How ointments are stored? Enlist quality control tests for ointments.
6. Define creams. Classify them with suitable examples.
7. What are the advantages and disadvantages of creams?
8. Discuss any formulation of cream with its method of preparation and use.
9. How creams are stored? Enlist quality control tests for creams.
10. Define pastes. Classify them with suitable examples.
11. What are the advantages and disadvantages of pastes?
12. Discuss any formulation of paste with its method of preparation and use.
13. How pastes are stored? Enlist quality control tests for pastes.
14. Define topical gel. Classify them with suitable examples.
15. What are the advantages and disadvantages of topical gels?
16. What is organogel? Give its example.
17. What is the difference between xerogel and hydrogel?
18. Discuss the formulation of topical gel with its method of preparation and use.
19. Define liniments. Classify them with suitable examples.
20. What are the advantages and disadvantages of liniments?
21. Discuss any formulation of liniment with its method of preparation and use.
22. How liniments are stored? Enlist quality control tests for liniments.
23. Define lotions. Classify them with suitable examples.
24. What are the advantages and disadvantages of lotions?
25. Discuss any formulation of lotion with its method of preparation and use.
26. How lotions are stored? Discuss quality control tests for lotions.
27. What is the difference between liniments and lotions?
28. Define: suppositories, pessaries and bougies.
29. Classify suppositories with examples.
30. What are the advantages and disadvantages of suppositories?
31. Discuss any formulation of the suppository with its method of preparation and use.
32. What is the difference between suppositories and pessaries?
33. How pessaries are used?
34. How suppositories are stored?
– Nasal Preparations
1. What are nasal preparations? Classify them with examples.
2. What are the mechanisms of drug absorption through nasal preparations?
3. List factors affecting the systemic bioavailability of drugs through the nasal route.
4. Enlist the advantages and disadvantages of nasal preparations.
5. Define nasal powders. How nasal powders are prepared?
6. Name drugs delivered in the form of nasal powders.
7. Classify nasal powder delivery devices by giving examples.
8. Define insufflators and insufflations. Give examples.
9. Giving an example discuss dry powder inhalers.
10. Comment on pressurized metered-dose inhalers.
11. What are the advantages and disadvantages of nasal dry powders?
12. Discuss any formulation of nasal dry powder with its method of preparation and use.
13. What are the recommended storage conditions for nasal dry powders?
14. Why some nasal dry powders are packaged with secondary packaging?
15. What is the emitted dose? How it is determined?
16. Enlist quality control tests performed on nasal dry powders.
17. Define nasal gel. What is its significance over nasal dry powders?
18. Oassify nasal gels giving examples.
19. Enlist the advantages and disadvantages of nasal gels.
20. Discuss any nasal gel formulation with the method of preparation and use.
21. How nasal gels are stored?
22. Enlist quality control tests applied to nasal gels.
23. What are bioadhesion and mucoadhesion measurement tests performed on nasal gels?
24. Comment on formulation tolerance and isotonicity tests for nasal gels.
25. Explain the gelation temperature test and gel strength test
26. Define nasal spray. Discuss methods of preparing nasal sprays.
27. What is the significance of nasal sprays over nasal powders and gels?
28. Classify nasal sprays giving suitable examples of each.
29. What are nasal saline spray and nasal irrigations?
30. Enlist the advantages and disadvantages of nasal sprays.
31. Discuss any nasal spray formulation with its method of preparation and use.
32. How nasal sprays are stored?
33. Enlist quality control tests applied to nasal sprays.
34. What are spray content uniformity and spray pattern tests applied to nasal sprays?
35. What is a pump delivery test for nasal sprays?
36. Define nasal drops. Classify them with suitable examples.
37. What is the significance of nasal drops over other nasal preparations?
38. Discuss methods of preparing nasal drops.
– Ear Preparations
L What are ear preparations?
2. Write the advantages and disadvantages of ear preparations.
3. What are ear drops? What are its types?
4. Discuss any ear drop formulation with its method of preparation and use.
5. What is an ear irrigation solution? What are its constituents?
6. What are ear ointments and gels? Give examples.
7. What is ear insufflation? What is its use?
8. Give the formula and method of preparation of any otic powder for insufflation.
9. How ear preparations are stored?
10. Enlist quality control tests applied to ear preparations.
– Powders and Granules
1. What are powders? Classify those giving examples.
2. What are the advantages and disadvantages of powders?
3. What are the fundamental and derived properties of powders?
4. How pharmaceutical powders are prepared?
5. Discuss mechanisms involved in the size reduction of powders.
6. Define trituration, pulverization, and levigation.
7. What is insufflator? What is its use?
8. Describe insufflators giving examples.
9. What are the advantages and disadvantages of insufflator?
10. What are insufflations? Give example.
11. Write about various applications of insufflations.
12. What are dusting powders? Describe them in detail.
13. Classify dusting powders giving examples.
14. How are dusting powders prepared?
15. Define medical dusting powder, surgical dusting powder, and cosmetic dusting powder.
16. What are the advantages and disadvantages of dusting powders?
17. How powders are stored?
18. How are dusting powders packaged and applied?
19. What are effervescent powders? Give examples.
20. What are the importance and limitations of effervescent powders?
21. How effervescent powders are prepared?
22. Write about eutectic mixture powders giving an example.
23. What is granule? What is its significance over powders?
24. Write about the ideal properties of granules.
25. Discuss methods of preparing granules.
26. What are effervescent granules? Give examples.
27. Discuss methods of preparing effervescent granules.
28. What are the advantages and disadvantages of effervescent granules?
29. Enlist various quality control tests for powders and granules.
30. What is the angle of repose and Carr’s compressibility index?
– Sterile Formulations
1. Define parenterals? Name them with examples.
2. Classify injectables with examples.
3. What are the advantages and limitations of injectables?
4. List out essential requirements of injectables.
5. What is small volume parenteral? Discuss its formulation with the method of preparation and use.
6. What is large volume parenteral? Discuss its formulation with the method of preparation and use.
7. What are lyophilized products? What is its significance?
8. Explain how lyophilized products are manufactured.
9. Discuss formulation of lyophilized product with its method of preparation and use.
10. Describe how injectables are stored.
11. What are ophthalmic products? Classify them with examples.
12. Define eye ointment. What are its components?
13. How eye ointments are prepared?
14. Discuss the formulation of an eye ointment with its method of preparation and use.
15. What are the advantages and limitations of eye ointments?
16. Discuss packaging, storage, and applications of eye ointments.
17. What are eye drops? Classify them with examples.
18. Discuss the formulation of eye drops with its method of preparation and use.
19. What are the advantages and limitations of eye drops?
20. Write about packaging, storage, and application of eye drops.
21. Define immunology, immunity, and immunization.
22. How infection is spread among people?
23. Define natural, acquired, and artificial immunity.
24. What is active and passive immunity?
25. What are humoral and cell-mediated immunity?
26. Define immunological products. Classify them with examples.
27. What are sera? Name them.
28. Define antitoxin? What is diphtheria antitoxin? Give its uses.
29. What is tetanus antitoxin? Give its prophylactic and therapeutic uses.
30. What is botulinum antitoxin? Give its indications and mechanism of action.
31. Discuss the method of administration and precautions taken during botulinum antitoxin.
32. Write about gas gangrene antitoxin.
33. Define vaccine. What is it made up of?
34. Classify vaccines with examples.
35. What are live attenuated vaccines and inactivated vaccines?
36. What is the bacterial vaccine? List its methods of preparation.
37. Discuss vaccines prepared from cultures.
38. Discuss vaccines prepared from killed microorganisms.
39. What is the viral vaccine? List its methods of preparation.
40. Discuss viral vaccines prepared from free-living animals.
41. Discuss viral vaccines prepared from fertile eggs.
42. Discuss vaccines prepared from tissue culture.
43. Name COVID-19 vaccines along with their manufacturers.
44. Discuss about rickettsial vaccine giving its examples.
45. What are toxoids? Name them.
46. What is diphtheria vaccine? How it is prepared?
47. Describe the uses of the diphtheria vaccine.
48. Write about vaccines that provide protection against diphtheria.
49. How toxins are prepared?
6. Pharmaceutical Industry and Basic Concepts
1. What is a pharmaceutical manufacturing plant? Name manufacturing processes taking place in it.
2. Discuss in detail the basic structure of the pharmaceutical manufacturing plant.
3. What are the different types of pharmaceutical manufacturing plant structures?
4. Name various job positions at different levels in a pharmaceutical manufacturing plant.
5. What are the job functions of people working at different levels in a pharmaceutical manufacturing plant?
6. What is the pharmaceutical manufacturing plant layout? What are its characteristics?
7. What are the advantages of a pharmaceutical manufacturing plant layout?
8. Draw an ideal layout for a pharmaceutical manufacturing plant showing its different sections.
9. Enlist various sections in a pharmaceutical manufacturing plant.
10. Write about the functions of important sections in a pharmaceutical manufacturing plant.
11. Name various activities conducted in a pharmaceutical manufacturing plant.
12. Discuss the activities of the research and development department.
13. Discuss the activities of the production department.
14. Define the terms quality and quality control.
15. Describe various steps in quality control.
16. What are the producer’s risk and the customer’s risk?
17. Discuss various steps in quality control.
18. Explain the significance of quality control.
19. Describe techniques of quality control.
20. What is statistical quality control? What are its advantages?
21. Define quality assurance. What is its significance?
22. What is the PDCA cycle in quality assurance?
23. What are the functions of quality assurance?
24. Describe methods of quality assurance.
25. What are the advantages and importance of quality assurance?
26. What are the functions of quality assurance?
27. Describe various methods of quality assurance.
28. Describe types of quality in quality assurance.
29. What is the quality system? What are its basic elements?
30. What do you mean by quality audit? What is its significance?
31. What is a quality management system? What is its importance?
32. What is quality assurance certification? What is its significance?
33. What is total quality management? What are its key elements?
34. What is GMP? What is its significance?
35. Write about the historical background of GMP.
36. Write principles of GMP guidelines.
37. List out parts of GMP.
38. Discuss the importance of GMP.
39. Comment on cGMP regulation.
40. What is calibration? What are its objectives and applications?
41. Define the terms: Calibration procedure, Calibration provider, Errors, Reference standard, and Uncertainty of measurement 42. Discuss in detail the procedure of calibration.
43. What is the purpose of calibration?
44. List out the advantages of calibration.
45. Write about calibration personnel and calibration services.
46. What is the cost of calibration?
47. Define validation and write about its significance.
48. What is the scope of validation?
49. How is validation planned?
50. What is a validation team? Write about its composition and responsibilities.
51. What is the importance of validation?
52. Name departments and authorities responsible for validation.
53. Write about various types of validation.
54. What are process validation, equipment validation, facilities validation, HVA’C
validation and cleaning validation?
55. What is analytical method validation and computer system validation?
56.. Discuss strategies for validation.
57. Elaborate upon principles for validation.
58. What is process validation? Write about its reasons.
59. What are the stages of process validation?
60. Write about various types of process validation.
7. Novel Drug Delivery Systems
1. What is a novel drug delivery system?
2. What are the advantages of novel drug delivery systems?
3. Name factors affecting the design of controlled-release products.
4. Classify novel drug delivery systems with examples.
5. What are controlled drug delivery systems? Classify them with examples.
6. Classify microencapsulation drug delivery systems giving examples of each.
7. What are mucoadhesive drug delivery systems? Classify them with examples.
8. What are implantable Drug Delivery Systems? Classify them with examples.
9. What is a transdermal drug delivery system? Classify them with examples.
10. What are gastroretentive drug delivery systems? Classify them with examples.
11. What are nasopulmonary drug delivery systems? Classify them with examples.
12. What is a targeted drug delivery system? Classify them with examples.
13. What is an ocular drug delivery system? Classify them with examples.
14. What is an intrauterine drug delivery system? Classify them with examples.
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