B Pharmacy 2nd Semester New Syllabus Pdf Download

B Pharmacy 2nd Semester New Syllabus Pdf

Human Anatomy and Physiology-II Syllabus

Theory (PT- 215)

Unit 1

• Nervous System

Organizations of the nervous system, Details about Neuron, Neuroglia, Classification, and properties of the nerve fibers, Electrophysiology, Action Potential, Receptors, Nerve impulses, Synapses, and Neurotransmitters.

The central nervous system includes Meninges, Ventricles of the brain, Cerebrospinal Fluids, Structure, and functions of the brain (Brain stem, Cerebrum, Cerebellum), Spinal Cord (Structure, functions of afferent and efferent nerve tracts, Reflex activity)

Unit 2

• Digestive System

Anatomy of GIT with special reference to anatomy and functions of the stomach, acid production in the stomach, Acid production regulation through the parasympathetic nervous system, Pepsin role in protein digestion, small intestine, and large intestine, Anatomy and functions of salivary glands, Liver and pancreas, Movement of GIT, Absorption, and digestion of nutrients and disorders of GI tract.

• Energetics

ATP formation and role, Creatinine Phosphate, and BMR.

Unit 3

• Respiratory System

Anatomy of the respiratory system, anatomy of lungs, mechanism of respiration, and regulation of respiration.

Lung Volumes and capacities transport of respiratory gases, resuscitation methods, and artificial respiration.

• Urinary System

Anatomy of the urinary tract, anatomy of kidney and nephrons, Functions of kidney and urinary tract, Physiology of the urine formation, Micturition Reflex, the role of kidneys in acid-base balance, RAAS role in kidney and disorders of the kidney.

Unit 4

• Endocrine System

Hormones classification, mechanism of hormone action, Structure and function of the Pituitary gland (master gland), thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, pancreas, adrenal gland, pineal gland, thymus, and their disorders.

Unit 5

• Reproductive System

Anatomy and functions of the male and female reproductive system, sex hormones, Physiology of menstruation, fertilization, Oogenesis, spermatogenesis, pregnancy, and parturition.

• Introduction to Genetics

Chromosomes, genes, and DNA, Genetic pattern of inheritance, protein synthesis.

Practical (PT- 298)

I. To study the Integumentary and special senses using specimens and models.

II. To study the nervous system using specimens and models.

III. To study the endocrine system using specimens and models.

IV. To demonstrate the general neurological examination.

V. To demonstrate the function of the olfactory nerves.

VI. To examine the different types of taste.

VII. To demonstrate the visual activity.

VIII. To demonstrate the reflex activity.

IX. To record the body temperature.

X. To demonstrate negative and positive feedback mechanisms.

XI. To determine the tidal volume and vital capacity.

XII. To study digestive, respiratory, cardiovascular, urinary, and reproductive systems with the help of models, charts, and specimens.

XIII. To record the basal mass index.

XIV. To study family planning devices and pregnancy diagnosis tests.

XV. Demonstrate the total blood count by cell analyzer.

XVI. Permanent slides of the vital organs and gonads.

Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry-I Syllabus

Theory (PT- 213)

Unit 1

• Classification, Nomenclature, and Isomerism

Classification of Organic compounds, IUPAC and Common systems of nomenclature of organic compounds (up to 10 carbons open chain and carboxylic compounds), Structural Isomerism in organic compounds.

Unit 2

• Alkanes, Alkenes and Conjugated Dienes

SP³ Hybridization in the alkanes, Halogenation of alkanes, and Uses of Paraffins, Stabilities of alkenes, and SP² Hybridization in unsaturated alkenes.

E₁ and E₂ reactions – Kinetics of reactions, order of reactivity of alkyl halides, Carbonation rearrangement, Saytzeffs orientation, and evidence. E₁ versus E₂ reactions, factors affecting E₁ and E₂ reactions. Ozonolysis, electrophilic addition reaction of alkenes, Markownikoff’s orientation.

Stability of the conjugated Dienes, Diel-Alder reaction, electrophilic addition, and free radical addition reactions of conjugated Dienes, Allylic rearrangement.

Unit 3

• Alkyl Halides

SN₁ and SN₂ reactions – Kinetics of reactions, order of reactivity of Alkyl Halides, stereochemistry and rearrangement of the carbocations, SN₁ reaction versus SN2 reaction, and factors affecting SN1 and SN2 reactions.

Structure and Uses of ethyl chloride, trichloroethylene, chloroform, tetrachloroethylene, dichloromethane, tetrachloromethane, and iodoform.

• Alcohols

Qualitative tests, Structure, and Uses of Ethyl alcohol, Methyl Alcohols, Chlorobutanol, Cetosteryl alcohol, Glycerol, Benzyl alcohol, and Propylene glycol.

Unit 4

• Carbonyl Compounds (Aldehydes and Ketones)

Nucleophilic addition reaction, Electrometric effect, Aldol condensation, Crossed aldol condensation, Cannizzaro reaction, Crossed Cannizzaro reaction, Benzoin condensation, Perkin condensation, qualitative tests, Structure and Uses of Formaldehyde, Paraldehyde, Chloral hydrate, Acetone, Hexamine, Vanillin, Benzaldehyde, Cinnamaldehyde.

Unit 5

• Carboxylic Acids

The acidity of the carboxylic acids, the effect of substituents on the acidity, Inductive effect, Qualitative tests for Amide, Carboxylic Acids, and ester.

Structure and Uses of Acetic acid, Lactic acid, Citric Acid, Tartaric acid, Succinic acid, Salicylic acid, Oxalic acid, Benzoic acid, Benzyl benzoate, Dimethyl phthalate, Methyl salicylate, and Acetylsalicylic acid.

• Aliphatic Amines

Basicity of aliphatic amines, Effect of substituents on basicity, Qualitative test, Structure, and Uses of ethanolamine, ethylenediamine, and amphetamine.

Practical (PT- 296)

A) Systematic quantitative analysis of unknown organic compounds

i. Preliminary tests like color, odor, aliphatic or aromatic compounds, saturation, and unsaturation.

ii. Detection of elements Nitrogen, Sulphur, and Halogen by Lassaigne’s test.

iii. Solubility tests.

iv. Functional group tests like Phenols, Amides or Urea, Carbohydrates, Amines, Carboxylic Acids, Alcohols, Esters, Aldehydes and Ketones, Aromatic and halogenated hydrocarbons, Nitro compounds and Anilides.

v. Melting point or Boiling point of organic compounds.

vi. Identification of the unknown compound from the literature using melting point or boiling point.

vii. Preparation of the Confirmation and Derivatives of the unknown compound by melting point or boiling point.

viii. Minimum five unknown organic compounds to be analyzed systematically.

B) Preparation of suitable derivatives from organic compounds.

C) Construction of the molecular models.

Biochemistry Syllabus

Theory (PT- 214)

Unit 1

• Biomolecules Introduction

Biomolecules Introduction, and classification, chemical nature and biological role of carbohydrate, lipids, nucleic acids, and amino acids & proteins.

• Bioenergetics

Concept of free energy, endergonic and exergonic reaction, the relation between free energy, enthalpy, entropy, and Redox potential, Energy-rich compounds; classification, the biological significance of ATP and cyclic AMP.

Unit 2

• Carbohydrate Metabolism

Glycolysis pathway, energetic and significance; Citric acid cycle pathway, energetics, and significance; HMP Shunt and its significance; Glucose-6 Phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency; Glycogen Metabolism pathway and Glycogen Storage Disease (GSD); Gluconeogenesis process pathway and its significance; Hormonal regulation of blood glucose level in body and Diabetes Mellitus.

• Biological Oxidation

Electron transport chain (ETC) and its mechanism; Oxidative phosphorylation & its mechanism and substrate-level phosphorylation; Inhibitors ETC and oxidative phosphorylation or Uncouplers.

Unit 3

• Lipid Metabolism

Oxidation of saturated fatty acid (Palmitic and); Formation and utilization of ketone bodies and ketoacidosis; De novo synthesis of fatty acids, Biological significance of cholesterol, and conversation of cholesterol into bile acids, steroid hormones, and vitamin D; Disorders of lipid metabolism like Hypercholesterolemia, Atherosclerosis, Fatty liver, and Obesity.

• Amino Acid Metabolism

General reactions of amino acid metabolism, Transamination, Deamination and decarboxylation, Urea cycle and its disorders; Catabolism of phenylalanine and tyrosine and their metabolic disorders (Albinism, Phenylketonuria, Alkeptonuria, Tyrosinemia); Synthesis and significance of biological substances, 5-HT, Melatonin, Dopamine, Adrenaline, and Nor-adrenaline; Catabolism of heme and hyperbilirubinemia and jaundice.

Unit 4

• Nucleic Acid Metabolism and Genetic Information Transfer

Biosynthesis of the purine & pyrimidine nucleotides; Catabolism of the purine and pyrimidine nucleotides, and hyperuricemia and Gout disease; Organization of the mammalian genome; Structure of DNA and RNA and their functions; DNA replication process (semi-conservative model); Transcription process or RNA synthesis; Genetic Code, Translation process or Protein synthesis, and inhibitors.

Unit 5

• Enzymes

Introduction to Enzymes, properties, nomenclature, and IUB classification of enzymes; Enzyme kinetics (Michaelis plot, Line Weaver Burke plot); Enzyme inhibitors with examples; Regulation Of enzymes Enzyme, Enzyme induction, and repression, allosteric enzymes regulation; Therapeutic and diagnostic applications of enzymes and isoenzymes; Coenzymes structures and biochemical functions.

Practical (PT- 297)

I. Qualitative analysis of carbohydrates (Glucose, Fructose, Maltose, Lactose, Sucrose, and Starch).

II. Identification tests for proteins (Casein and Albumin).

III. Quantitative analysis of reducing sugars (DNSA method) and Proteins (Biuret method).

IV. Qualitative analysis of urine for abnormal constituents.

V. To determine blood creatinine.

VI. Determination of blood sugar.

VII. Determination of serum total cholesterol.

VIII. Preparation of buffer solution and measurement of the PH.

IX. Study of the enzymatic hydrolysis of starch.

X. Determination of salivary amylase activity.

XI. To Study the effect of temperature on salivary amylase activity.

XII. To study the effect of substrate concentration on salivary amylase activity.

Pathophysiology Syllabus

Theory (PT- 216)

Unit 1

• Basic Principles of Cell and Adaptation

Definitions, Introduction, Homeostasis, Feedback system, causes of cellular injury, Pathogenesis (Cell membrane damage, Nuclear damage, Mitochondrial damage, Ribosome damage)

Morphology of cell injury- Various Adaptive changes (Atrophy, Hypertrophy, Metaplasia, Hyperplasia, and Dysplasia), Cell signaling, Intracellular accumulation, Calcification, Enzyme leakage, Acidosis & alkalosis, Cell death, and Electrolyte imbalance.

• Mechanism Involved in the Process of the Inflammations and Repair

Introduction, Clinical signs of Inflammation, Different types of inflammation, mechanism of inflammation- Alteration in the vascular permeability and blood flow, migration of the WBC (White Blood Cell) mediators of inflammation, Basic principles of wound healing in the skin, Pathophysiology of atherosclerosis.

Unit 2

• Cardiovascular System:- Congestive Heart Failure (CHF), Hypertension, Ischemic Heart Disease (Angina, myocardial infarction, arteriosclerosis, and atherosclerosis.

• Respiratory System:- Asthma, Bronchitis, Chronic obstructive airway diseases (COPD).

• Renal System:- Acute and Chronic renal failure

Unit 3

• Hematological Diseases:- Sickle Cell Anemia, Iron deficiency, megaloblastic anemia (Vitamin B12 and folic acid), Thalassemia, Hemophilia, Hereditary acquired anemia.

• Endocrine System:- Diabetes Types, Thyroid diseases, Sex hormones disorders.

• Nervous System:- Epilepsy, Parkinson’s disease, Stroke, Schizophrenia, psychiatric disorders like depression, and Alzheimer’s disease.

• Gastrointestinal System:- Peptic ulcer

Unit 4

• GI Tract Related Disease:- Inflammatory bowel disease, Hepatitis (A, B, C, D, E, F), Alcoholic liver disease, and Jaundice.

• Disease of Joints and Bones:- Rheumatoid arthritis, Osteoporosis, and Gout.

• Principles of Cancer:- Cancer classification, etiology, and pathogenesis of cancer.

Unit 5

• Infectious Diseases:- Leprosy, Meningitis, Tuberculosis, and Typhoid.

• Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STD):- AIDS, Syphilis, and Gonorrhoea.

Computer Application In Pharmacy Syllabus

Theory (PTC- 203)

Unit 1

• Number System in Computer

The Binary and the Decimal number system, the Octal number system, Hexadecimal number systems, Conversions of the decimal to binary number system, binary to decimal, octal to binary, etc.

Binary addition, Binary subtraction- One’s complement method, Two’s complement method, and binary division, Binary multiplication

• Concepts of Information Systems and Software Systems

Information gathering, requirement and feasibility analysis, data flow diagrams, process specifications, process life cycle, planning, output or input design, and managing the project.

Unit 2

• Web Technologies

Introduction to web technologies HTML, XML, Introduction to web servers and server products, Introduction to the databases MYSQL, CSS, and programming languages, MS Access, and Pharmacy drug database.

Unit 3

• Application of the Computers in Pharmacy

Drug information storage and retrieval, Pharmacokinetics, a mathematical model in drug design, Electronic prescribing and discharge (EP) systems, barcode medicine identification and dispensing of drugs, Hospital, and clinical pharmacy, Mobile technology, and adherence monitoring.

Diagnostic systems, lab-diagnostic systems, Pharma information systems, Patient monitoring systems

Unit 4

• Bioinformatics

Introduction and objectives of bioinformatics, Bioinformatics databases, impacts of bioinformatics in vaccine discovery, and Concepts of Bioinformatics.

Unit 5

• Computers as Data Analysis in Pre-clinical Development

Chromatographic data analysis (CDA), Text Information Management System (TIMS), and laboratory information management system (LIMS).

Practical (PTC- 293)

I. Design a questionnaire using a word processing package to gather information about a particularly important disease.

II. Create an HTML web page to personal information show.

III. Retrieve information about a drug and its adverse effects using online tools.

IV. Creating mailing levels using label wizard, generating labels in MS Word.

V. Creating a database in MS Access to store the patient disease details information with the required fields using access.

VI. Design a form in MS Access to view, add, delete, and modify the patient record in the database.

VII. Generating reports and printing the report from patients’ databases.

VIII. Creating an invoice table using MS Access.

IX. Drug information storage and retrieval using MS Access.

X. Creating & working with queries with the use of MS Access.

XI. Exploring tables, queries, forms, and reports on the web pages.

XII. Exporting tables, queries, forms, and reports to the XML pages.

Environmental Sciences Syllabus

Theory (HU- 282)

Unit 1

The multidisciplinary nature of environmental studies, Natural resources, Renewal and non-renewable resources, Natural resources, and associated problems i) Forest resources, ii) Water resources, iii) Mineral resources, iii) Food resources, iv) Energy resources, v) Land resources, Role of an individual in conservation of natural resources.

Unit 2

• Ecosystem

Concepts of an ecosystem, Structure, and function of an ecosystem, Introduction, types, characteristics features, structure and function of the ecosystems; forest ecosystem; Grassland ecosystem; Desert ecosystem; Aquatic ecosystem (ponds, streams, lakes, rivers, oceans, estuaries).

Unit 3

Environmental Pollution Like Air pollution, Water pollution, and Soil pollution.