| 4th Semester B Pharm New Syllabus Pdf |
Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry-III Syllabus
Theory (PT- 414)
Unit 1
• Stereoisomerism
Stereoisomerism, Optical Isomerism, Optical activity of the isomerisms, diastereoisomerism, enantiomerism, meso compounds, elements of the symmetry, Achiral and Chiral stereo molecules.
DL System of nomenclature of the optical isomerism with optical activity, RS System of nomenclature, Chiral molecules reactions, Racemic Mixture resolution, and racemic modification, Asymmetric Synthesis- absolute and partial Stereoisomerism.
Unit 2
• Geometrical Isomerism
Nomenclature of the geometrical isomerism (Cis, Trans, EZ, Syn, and Anti Systems of Isomerism), methods of the determination of the configuration of geometrical isomerisms, Conformational Isomerism in Ethane, normal butane, cyclohexane, and other compounds,
Stereoisomerism of the Compounds of Biphenyl (also called Atropisomerism), and Optical activity condition, Stereospecific and Stereoselective Reactions of Isomerism.
Unit 3
• Heterocyclic Compounds
Nomenclature and Classification of the Heterocyclic Compounds, Synthesis, Reactions, and Medicinal Uses of following compounds derivatives such as Pyrrole, Furan, and Thiophene, Relative aromaticity and reactivity of the above compounds.
Unit 4
Synthesis, reactions, and Medicinal Use of the following compounds as Pyrazole, Imidazole, Oxazole, and Thiazole, Pyridine, Quinoline, Isoquinoline, Indole, and Acridine, Basicity of Pyridine with synthesis and medicinal uses such as Pyrimidine, Azepines, Purine, and their derivatives.
Unit 5
• Reactions Of the Synthetic Importance
Reactions of Metal Hydride Reduction (NaBH4 and LiAlH4 ), Important name reactions are Clemmensen reduction, Wolf Kishner reduction, Birch reduction, Oppenauer-Oxidation, Dakin Reactions, Claisen-Schmidt Condensation, Beckmann’s rearrangement, and Schmidt rearrangement.
Industrial Pharmacy-I Syllabus
Theory (PT- 413)
Unit 1
• Preformulation Studies- Introduction to the Preformulation Studies, Its goals and objectives, Study of the physicochemical characteristics of the drugs substances.
A) Physical Properties- Physical form (Crystal and Amorphous), Particle size, shape, flow properties, solubility (pKa, pH, Partition coefficient), and Polymorphism.
B) Chemical Properties- Hydrolysis, Oxidation, Reduction, Racemization, Polymerization BCS (Biopharmaceutical Classification System) classification of drugs and significance,
Application of the preformulation consideration in the development of solid, liquid oral, and parenteral dosage forms & its impact on the stability of the dosage forms.
Unit 2
• Tablets
A. Tablets Introduction, ideal characteristics, and classification, Excipients, formulation of tablets, granulation methods, compression and processing problems, equipment, and tablet tooling.
B. Tablet coating- Types of coating, coating materials, formulation of the coating composition, equipment employed, methods of coating, and defects in the coating.
C. Quality control tests- In-processing & finished product tests.
• Liquid Orals in pharmaceutical- Formulation methods & manufacturing methodology of the liquid orals such as syrups and elixirs suspension and emulsions, Packaging and filling, evaluation of liquid orals official in the pharmacopeia standard.
Unit 3
• Capsules
A) Hard Gelatin Capsules- Introduction of capsules, production of Hard Gelatin capsule shells, size of capsules, finishing, filling, and special techniques of formulation of Hard gelatin capsules, manufacturing defects, in-processing, and final products quality control test for capsules.
B) Soft Gelatin Capsules- Nature of shell & soft gelatin capsules content, size of the capsules, Importance of base adsorption and minimum or grams factors, production, in-process and final products quality control test, packaging, storage, and stability testing of soft gelatin tablet capsules, and their applications.
• Pellets- Introduction to pellets, formulation requirements, pelletization process, and equipment for manufacturers of pellets.
Unit 4
• Parenteral Products Details
A) Definition, types, advantages, and limitations of the parenteral products, preformulation factors studies, essential requirements, vehicles, additives, and the importance of isotonicity of the parenteral products.
B) Procedure of production, production facilities, and controls, aseptic processing.
C) Formulation of different injections, sterile powders, and large-volume parenteral and lyophilized products.
D) Parenteral products containers and closure selection of the parenteral products, filling, sealing of ampoules, vials & infusion fluids, quality control test of parenteral products details.
• Ophthalmic preparations– Definition and introduction, formulation considerations, formulation of eye drops, eye ointments, and eye lotions, methods of preparation, labeling, and evaluation of the Ophthalmic preparation.
Unit 5
• Cosmetics– Formulation, and preparation of cosmetics preparation, lipstick, shampoos, cold cream, vanishing cream, toothpaste, hair dyes, and sunscreens.
• Pharmaceutical Aerosols– Definition, introduction, propellants, valves, types of aerosols system, formulation and manufacture of aerosols, evaluation of aerosols, quality control, and stability studies.
• Packaging Materials Science– Packaging Materials used for pharmaceutical products, factors influencing the choice of containers, legal and official requirements for containers, stability aspects of the packaging materials, and quality control tests of packaging materials.
Practical (PT- 493)
I) Preformulation Studies on paracetamol or aspirin or any other drugs.
II) Preparation and evaluation of paracetamol tablets.
III) Preparation and evaluation of the aspirin tablets.
IV) Coating of tablets- film coating of tablets or granules.
V) Preparation and evaluation of Tetracycline capsules.
VI) Preparation of calcium Gluconate injections.
VII) Preparation of Ascorbic Acid Injections.
VIII) Quality Control tests of marketed tablets and capsules.
IX) Preparation of eye drops or eye ointments.
X) Preparation of creams cold or vanishing creams.
XI) Evaluation of glass containers.
Physical Pharmaceutics-II Syllabus
Theory (PT- 416)
Unit 1
• Colloidal Dispersion
Dispersed System Classification and their general characteristics, Size and shape of colloidal particles, Colloids classification and comparative account of their general physical properties such as Optical, Kinetics, and electrical properties, Effect of electrolytes, Peptizations, Coacervation, and Protective actions.
Unit 2
• Rheology
Definition of Rheology, Newtonian Systems, the law of flow, kinematic viscosity, Non-Newtonian System, the effect of temperature, Pseudoplastic, Dilatant, Plastic, Thixotropy, Thixotropy in Formulation, Determination of the Viscosity, Falling Sphere, Capillary, and Rotational Viscometers.
• Deformation of Solids
Plastic and elastic deformation system, Heckel equations, Stress, Strain, and Elastic modulus.
Unit 3
• Course Dispersion
Coarse Dispersion including Suspensions, Interfacial Properties of Suspended Particles, Settling in Suspension, Formulation of Flocculatted and Deflocculated Suspensions, Emulsions, and theories of emulsification,
Microemulsion and Multiple Emulsions, Stability of the emulsions, Preservation of the emulsions, The Rheological properties of emulsions & formulation by HLB method.
Unit 4
• Micromeritics
Micromeritics Definitions, Particle size, and distribution, mean particle size, number & weight distribution, particle numbers, Methods for determining particle size by various methods, counting and separation method,
Specific surface, particle shape, a method for determination of surface area, permeability, adsorption, derived properties of powders, packing arrangements, porosity, densities, Bulkiness, and flow Properties.
Unit 5
• Drug Stability
Stability of drug Introduction, reactions of kinetics, Zero-order, pseudo-zero, first and second order, units of basic rate constants, determination of reaction order, Physical & Chemical factors influencing the chemical degradation of the pharmaceutical products; such as Temperature, Ionic strength,
Solvent, Dielectric Constants, Specific and General acid-base catalysis, Simple numerical problems, Stabilization of the medicinal agents against common reactions like Oxidation and Hydrolysis, Accelerated stability testing of the drugs in the expired pharmaceutical dosage forms, Photolytic degradation, and prevention.
Practical (PT- 496)
- Determination of the particle size, and particle distribution using the sieving method.
- Determination of the particle’s size, and particle distribution using the microscopic method.
- Determination of the bulk density, porosity, and true density.
- Determination of the angle of repose and influencing of lubricants on the angle of repose.
- Determine the viscosity of liquids using Ostwald’s viscometers and others.
- Determine the sedimentation volume with the effect of suspending and other agents.
- Determination of the sedimentation volume (SV) with the effect of various concentrations of a single (one) suspending agent.
- Determine the viscosity of semisolid using the Brookfield viscometers and others.
- Determination of reaction rate constants of first-order reactions.
- Determination of reaction rate constants of second-order reactions.
- Determination of the accelerated stability studies.
Pharmacology-I Syllabus
Theory (PT- 418)
Unit 1
• General Pharmacology
A. An Introduction to the Pharmacology– Pharmacology Definition, historical landmark, the scope of Pharmacology, nature, and sources of the Pharmacological drugs agents, essential drugs concept with routes of the drug administration,
Agonists, Antagonists (Competitive and Noncompetitive), Addiction, Tolerance, Dependence, Tachyphylaxis, Idiosyncrasy, Allergy.
B. Pharmacokinetics– Definition of pharmacokinetics, membrane transport, absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion, Enzyme induction, Enzyme inhibition, and Kinetics of elimination.
Unit 2
• General Pharmacology
A. Pharmacodynamics– Principles and mechanisms of drug action in pharmacodynamics, Receptor theories and classification of receptors, receptors regulation, drug receptors interactions signal transduction mechanisms,
G-protein coupled receptors, Ion-channel receptors, transmembrane enzyme-linked receptors, transmembrane JAK-STAT binding receptors, receptors that regulate transcription factors, dose-responsive relationship, therapeutic index, combined effects of drugs, and factors modifying drug action.
B. Adverse Drug Reactions.
C. Drug Interactions between Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics.
D. Drug discovery and clinical evaluation of new drugs- Drug discovery phase, Pre-clinical evaluation phase, Clinical trial phase, Phases of clinical trials, and Pharmacovigilance.
Unit 3
• Pharmacology of the Drugs Acting on the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
- Organization and the function of the Automatic Nervous System (ANS) in Pharmacology.
- Neurohormonal transmission, co-transmission of drugs, and classification of important neurotransmitters.
- Parasympathomimetics, Parasympatholytics, Sympathomimetics, and sympatholytics in Pharmacology.
- Neuromuscular blocking agents and skeletal muscle relaxants.
- Local anesthetic agents.
- Drugs used in myasthenia gravis and glaucoma.
Unit 4
• Pharmacology of drugs acts the Central Nervous System (CNS)
- Neurohormonal transmission of drugs in the Central Nervous System (CNS) with special emphasis on the importance of various neurotransmitters like Glycine, Glutamate, GABA, Serotonin, and Dopamine.
- General anesthetic and pre-anesthetics.
- Hypnotics, Sedatives, and central-acting muscle relaxants.
- Anti-epileptics drugs.
- Alcohols and Disulfiram.
Unit 5
• Pharmacology of drugs acting on the Central Nervous System (CNS)
- Agents of Psychopharmacological – Antipsychotics, Anti-manics, Antidepressants, Anti-anxiety agents, and hallucinogenic agents.
- Drugs or agents used in Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases.
- Central Nervous System (CNS) stimulants and nootropics.
- Opioid analgesics, agonist, and antagonists.
- Drug addiction, drug users, dependence, and tolerance.
Practical (PT- 498)
a) Introduction to experimental pharmacology in laboratory animals.
b) Commonly used in instruments in experimental pharmacology laboratory animals.
c) Studies of the common Pharmacology laboratory animals like rats, rabbits, and mice.
d) Pharmacological Maintenance of the pharmacology laboratory animals as per CPCSEA guidelines rules.
e) Common laboratory techniques, Blood withdrawal, serum, plasma separation, and anesthesia used for animal studies.
f) Study of the different routes of drug administration in experimental mice or rats.
g) Study of the effect of hepatic microsomal enzyme inducers on the phenobarbitone sleeping time in mice.
h) Effects of the drugs or drug agents on the ciliary motility of the frog’s esophagus.
i) Effect of the drugs on the rabbit eye.
j) Effects of the skeletal muscle relaxants using rota-rod apparatus.
k) Effect of the drugs or drug agents on locomotor activities using an actophotometer.
l) Anticonvulsant effect of drugs by MES and PTZ method.
m) Study of stereotype and anti-cationic activity of drugs on rats or mice.
n) Study of anxiolytic activity of drugs using rats or mice.
o) Study of the local anesthetic by different methods.
[“All laboratory techniques used and experimental animals are used demonstrated by simulated experiments by the different software and videos in the pharmacological laboratory”]
Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry-I
Theory (PT- 412)
Unit 1
• Introduction to the Pharmacognosy
A) Definitions, History, Scope, and development of pharmacology.
B) Sources of the drugs- Plants, Animals, Marine, and Tissue Culture.
C) Pharmacognosy Organized Drugs, unorganized drugs such as dried latex, dried extracts, dried juices, gums, mucilages, oleoresins, oleo-gum-resins, and other various compounds.
• Classification of the Drugs
Alphabetical, morphological, taxonomical, chemical, pharmacological, chemo, and sero taxonomical classification of the drugs.
• Quality Control of drugs of the Natural origin
Adulteration of the drugs from the natural Origin, the Evaluation process of drugs by various methods like organoleptic, microscopic, physical, chemical, and biological methods and properties,
Quantitative microscopy of crude drugs including other plants like Lycopodium Spore Method, Leaf constants methods, Camera Lucida plants, and diagrams of microscopic objects plants with Camera Lucida.
Unit 2
• Collection, Cultivation, Processing, and Storage of drugs from natural Origin plants
Pharmaceutical Cultivation and collection of the drugs from natural origin plants, factors influencing cultivation of the medicinal plants, plant hormones and their applications with uses, polyploidy, mutation, and hybridization with the reference of the medicinal plant’s drugs.
• Conservation of Medicinal Plants through various methods
Unit 3
• Plant tissue Culture
Historical development of the plant tissue culture, types of plant tissue cultures, nutritional requirements for PTC, growth, and their maintenance, Application of Plant tissue culture (PTC) in pharmacognosy, and Edible vaccines of plant tissue culture.
Unit 4
• Pharmacognosy in the various systems of medicine
Role Of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry in the various systems like allopathy and traditional systems of medicine namely, Ayurveda, Siddha, Unani, Homeopathy, and the Chinese system of ancient medicine.
• Introduction to the secondary metabolites
Introduction and Definitions of the secondary metabolites, classification, properties, and tests for the identification of alkaloids, gum, glycosides, flavonoids, tannins, volatile oils, and resins secondary metabolites.
Unit 5
Study of the biological sources, chemical nature, and uses of drugs of natural origin containing the following drugs.
• Plant Products
Fibers: Jute, Cotton, Hemp, Hallucinogens, Teratogens, and Natural allergens.
• Primary Metabolites
Primary metabolites General introduction, detailed study of the chemistry, sources, preparation, evaluation, preservation, therapeutic uses, storage, and commercial significance as pharmaceutical aids and medicines for the above following primary metabolites.
• Carbohydrates– Acacia, Agar, Tragacanth, Honey.
• Proteins and Enzymes– Gelatin, Casein, proteolytic enzymes such as papain, bromelain, serratiopeptidase, urokinase, Pepin, and streptokinase.
• Lipids (Waxes, fats, fixed oils)– Primary metabolites are Castor oil, Chaulmoogra oil, Wool fat, and Bee Wax.
• Marine Drugs– Novel medicinal agents from marine sources of drugs.
Practical (PT- 492)
i) Analysis of the crude drugs by the different chemical tests- (a) Tragacanth (b) Acacia (c) Gelatin (d) Agar (e) Starch (f) Honey (g) Castor Oil.
ii) Determination of the stomatal number and stomatal index.
iii) Determination of vein islet number, vein islet termination, and palisade ratio.
iv) Determination of the pharmaceutical size of starch grains and calcium oxalate crystals by the eyepiece of a micrometer in the laboratory.
v) Determination of fiber width and length.
vi) Determination of the number of starch grains by the Lycopodium Spore Method.
vii) Determine the Ash Value.
viii) Determination of the extractive values of crude drugs.
ix) Determination of the moisture content in the crude drugs.
x) Determination of the swelling index and foaming.