Definition, Types of Error, Determinate Error, Indeterminate Error, Operational and Personal Error, Instrumental and Reagent Errors, Errors of Method, Additive or Proportional Errors, Salient Features of Indeterminate Errors.
Calibration of Instruments, Apparatus and Applying Necessary Corrections, Performing a Parallel Control Determination, Blank Determination, Cross-checking Results by Different Methods of Analysis, Method of Standard Addition, Method of Internal Standards.
The raw material used in manufacture, Reagents used in the manufacturing process, Method/ process in manufacture or method of manufacturing, and Chemical processes used in the manufacture.
Atmospheric contamination during the manufacturing process, Intermediate products in the manufacturing process, Defects in the manufacturing process, Manufacturing hazards, and Inadequate Storage conditions.
Decomposition of the product during storage, Accidental substitution or deliberate adulteration with spurious or useless materials.
Introduction, Limit test for chlorides, Limit test for sulphates, Limit test for Iron, Limit test for Heavy metals, Limit test for Lead, Limit test for Arsenic, Modified Limit test for chlorides, Modified Limit test for sulphates.
Precipitation titration Definition, Titration curves for precipitation titrations, Endpoint detection precipitation titration, Complex formation titration, Titration curve for complexation titration, Composition of EDTA solution as a function of pH, Indicators for EDTA titration, Solubility.
Introduction, Bonding in Complexes, Werner’s Co-ordination Number, Classification of Ligands, Chelating agent, Reagent EDTA, Effect of pH on complex formation, Principle of Complexometric Titration, Methods of End Point Detection, Masking and Demasking Agents.
Definition, Criteria, Procedures, Advantages and Disadvantages, Calculations, How do we get a percentage, Gravimetric Error, Mechanism of Precipitation.
Condition for diazotization, Rate of titration, Temperature, Visual endpoint determination method, Electrometric End Point determination method, Application of diazotization titration.
Introduction, Strong Acid with a Strong Base, e.g. HCl with NaOH, Weak Acid with a Strong Base, e.g. acetic acid with NaOH, Strong Acid with a Weak Base, e.g. sulphuric acid with dilute ammonia, Weak Acid with a Weak Base, Mixture of a Strong Acid and a Weak Acid vs. a Strong Base or a Weak Base.
General Principle, The Glass Electrode for pH Measurements, Potentiometric Titrations, End-Point Detection with Potentiometric Titrations, Reagent and Apparatus, Procedures.
Introduction, Polarization, Modes of Transport of Electroactive species to DME, Polarogram, Polarographic Maxima, ILkovic Equations, Advantages and Disadvantages of DME, Application of Polarography.
Thanks for sharing the questions.