Pharmaceutical Chemistry-I Inorganic
| Author’s Name | GR Chatwal |
| Editions | Latest Edition |
| Publishers | Himalaya Publishing House |
Pharmaceutical Inorganic Chemistry (PCI Books)
| Author’s Name | K. S. Jain, Dr P. B. Miniyar, Dr K Ilango |
| Editions | 2nd edition, 2018 |
| Publishers | NIRALI PRAKASHAN |
Pharmaceutical Inorganic Chemistry Book Topic-wise Summary
✓ Importance of Inorganic Pharmaceuticals
• Inorganic Pharmaceuticals are used in
- Medicinally used for therapeutic purposes
- Used as pharmaceutical aids
- Change of the reaction of body fluids
- Useful in the pharmaceutical analysis
✓ Sources of Impurities
• The purpose of the drug formulations is primarily for the well-being of humans. They cure patients’ disorders, diseases, or deficiencies.
• The some points we mentioned for the importance of the impurity sources: During Manufacturing, During purification and processing, and storage.
✓ Limit Tests
• Limit tests can be defined as quantitative tests designed to identify and control small quantities of the impurities that are likely to be present in the substances. Atterberg first created liquid and plastic limit tests and later Casagrande refined them.
• The importance of the limit tests is to find out the harmful impurities and to find out the avoidable or unavoidable amount of the impurities.
✓ Acids, Bases, and Buffer
• Acids and bases are available everywhere. There are several theories based on acids and Bases like as Arrhenius’s Theory, and Bronsted-lowry Theory.
• Buffer is a solution that resists changes in the pH. A buffer is made with the weak acid and soluble salt containing the conjugate base of the weak acid or weak base and a soluble salt contains the conjugate acid of the weak base.
✓ Buffer Equation
• Henderson-Hasselbalch equation is the negative log of the [H+] ion concentration. This equation helps make sure that the getting right is derived from the equilibrium expression.
• A buffer solution exists as in an aqueous solution in the mixtures of acids and it’s the conjugate base or vice versa. Its pH changes very little when a small number of strong acids or bases are added.
✓ Buffer Capacity
• Buffer Capacity can be defined as it is the measure of the efficiency of a buffer in resisting changes in the pH. Buffer capacity is expressed as the number of strong acids or bases, in gram-equivalents, which must be added to 1 liter of the solution to change the pH by one unit.
✓ Buffer in Pharmaceutical System
• The preparation of the buffer solution is a common task in the laboratory in biological sciences. Buffer is a solution that can resist a change in pH, because it contains species in solution able to react with any added base or acids, according to the principle of equilibria.
• The Henderson-Hasselbalch equation is used to easily derive from equilibrium equations to find out the pH of the buffer solution.
✓ Buffered Isotonic Solution
• The addition of any compounds to the solution can affect isotonicity. Isotonicity is the property of the number of particles in the solution.
• So the osmotic pressure of a solution will be affected by drugs and any buffer compounds that are included in the formulation. However, after the compounds have been added, it is still possible that the solution would not be isotonic.
✓ Methods of Tonicity
• Solutions that have similar osmotic pressure as that of the body fluids are to be isotonic with the body fluids. Body fluids like blood and tears having osmotic pressure correspond to that 0.9% NaCl solution. That is why 0.9% NaCl or 5% dextrose solution is called Isosmotic or Isotonic.
• The term isotonic means equal tone, and it is used interchangeably with Isosmotic reference to the specific body fluids. As 0.9% w/v solution of NaCl in water is to be Isotonic about the RBC and their semi-permeable membranes.
✓ Methods of Tonicity Adjustment
• Calculations and adjusting to the Tonicity three main methods are used:
- Freezing Point Method
- Molecular Weight Method
- Sodium Chloride Equivalent Method
✓ Major Extra and Intracellular Electrolytes
• Organic and Inorganic solutes are present in the body fluids to maintain the optimum cells and tissue activity. The electrolyte is an ionic constituent of the body fluids.
• Homeostasis is essential for the control of pH, ionic balance, and osmotic balance. Normal homeostasis is disturbed by many diseases leading to ionic imbalance.
✓ Physiological Acid-Base Balance
• The body fluids have been balanced quantity of base and acids. The maintenance of balance is important for the biochemical reactions that occur in the body because the reaction is very sensitive even small changes of bases and acids.
✓ Dental Products
• Dental Products are mainly used for treatment or cleaning the teeth.
• Dentrifices can be defined as the substances prepared for cleaning the surface of the teeth. This product is also used in the form of toothpaste, mouthwash, cleaning powder, gel, etc.
✓ Role of Fluoride in the Treatment of Dental Caries
• Fluorides obtained from food and water that are very effective in the prevention of dental caries.
• Fluorides are considered the most effective caries-inhibiting agents. Almost most toothpaste contains fluorides in different forms like NaF, MFP, SnF, etc.
✓ Desensitizing Agents
• Desensitizing agents are used to reduce the pain in sensitive teeth caused by cold, heat, or touch. The products are non-abrasive and should not be used regularly.
• Examples of Desensitizing agents are Strontium chloride and zinc chloride.
✓ Acidifiers
• Acidifiers are the most important inorganic chemicals. When it is administered in the body it produces acids in the stomach and decreases the pH.
• Examples of Acidifiers are hydrochloric acids, sulphuric acids, and phosphoric acids. Salt old this acid is also considered acidic.
✓ Cathartics
• Cathartics are the agents that quicken, increase, and facilitate the evacuation from the bowel. The milder forms are called purgatives and the milder forms that are frequently used are called laxatives.
• Cathartics are the most widely used over-the-counter medications. All these are administered through the oral route and sometimes are taken by the rectal route.
✓ Antimicrobials
• Antimicrobial agents are the chemicals in which preparation helps in the reduction or prevention of infection due to the microbes. Several terms are included in the Antimicrobials Antiseptics, Disinfectants, Germicides, Bactericidal, and Sterilizers.
✓ Expectorants
• Expectorants are the drugs that enhance the secretion of the sputum by the air passages so that it is easier to remove the phlegm through coughing.
• They are used in the cough mixtures for this purpose, they act either by enhancing the bronchiole secretion or by making it less viscous. Drugs like ipecacuanha in small doses act as stimulant expectorants.
✓ Emetics
• Vomiting, also known as throwing up and emesis. It is the involuntary, forceful expulsion of the stomach contents through the mouth and sometimes through the nose.
• Vomiting can occur due to a wide range of conditions. It may be present as a specific response to ailments like poisoning or gastritis etc. The feeling that one is about to vomit is known as nausea.
✓ Haematinics
• A haemanitics is a nutrient required for the formation of the blood cells in the hematopoiesis process. The main haemanitics are iron, vitamin B12, and folate.
• Deficiency in haematinics can lead to anemia then haemanitics can administer as medicines to increase the hemoglobin content of the blood.
✓ Poison and Antidote
• poisons are substances that cause disturbance in the organisms, usually by chemical reactions, when an organism absorbs or takes a sufficient quantity. Poisoning has two types Acute poisoning and Chronic poisoning.
• Antidotes are the agents that are used to stop or counterattack the action of the poisoning. Cyanide produces a rapid onset of toxicity that must be vigorously and immediately treated to prevent the toxic syndrome.
✓ Astringent
• Astringents are the compounds that bring the protein precipitation forms. They are usually applied topically to the damaged skin or the mucous membrane of the Gastro-Intestinal Tract including the mouth.
✓ Radiopharmaceutical
• The theory of radioactive substance disintegration was invented by Rutherford and Soddy in 1903. They suggest that th atoms of radioactive substances undergo spontaneous emissions of the alpha and beta particles with the formation of atoms of new elements.
✓ Radioactivity
• Radioactivity is the type of decay (Alpha, Beta, and Gama particles) and the rate of decay. Many types of decay activity are known to be convenient to measure and safe to use as medicines.
• Radio-nuclides are two types Natural radio-nuclides and Artificial radio-nuclides. Radioactivity can be measured by the electroscope method, Wilson cloud chamber method, and Geiger-muller counter method.
✓ Half-life
• Half-life period (T or t1/2) of a radioactive compound is the time required to disintegrate one-half of the original amount of the substances.
• Half-life (t1/2)= 0.693/λ Where, λ= Disintegration constants
✓ Radio Isotopes
• Nuclides have a similar number of protons, but different numbers of neutrons are known as isotopes. When the radioactive isotope undergoes nuclear reactions, they produce alpha, beta, and gamma particles.
• The original nuclides are called the parent and the product is called the decay or daughter nuclides. This phenomenon of nuclear changes is called Radioactive Decay.
✓ Pharmaceutical Applications of Radioactive Substances
- Recent medical procedures employ more than fifty radio-nuclides in a wide variety of chemical and physical forms.
- Radiopharmaceuticals are used in medicines and pharmacies in different ways.
- Radioactive tracers are available in the form of radio-pharmaceuticals.
- It is also used for diagnosis and therapy purposes.
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